Menurut Fatwa DSN Nomor: 28DSN-MUIIII2002. menyatakan bahwa transaksi Jual beli mata uang pada prinsipnya boleh. dengan ketentuan sebagai berikut: a. Tidak spekulasi untuk (Untung-untungan) b. Ada kebutuhan transaksi atau untuk berjaga-Jaga (Simpanan) c. Apabila transaksi dilakukan terhadap mata uang sejenis maka nilainya Harus sama dan Secara Tunai (attaqabudh). d. Apabila berlainan Jenis maka Harus dilakukan dengan nilai Tukar (Kurs) yang berlaku pada Saat transaksi dilakukan dan Secara Tunai. Adapun ada beberapa Jenis Transaksi Valuta Asing: a. Transaksi per il pranzo, yaitu transaksi pembelian dan penjualan Valuta Asing (Valas) untuk penyerahan pada Saat ITU (over the counter) atau penyelesaiannya palizzata lambat Dalam jangka waktu dua Hari. Hukumnya Adalah boleh, Karena dianggap Tunai, sedangkan waktu dua hari dianggap sebagai prose penyelesaian yang Tidak Bisa dihindari dan merupakan transaksi Internasional. b. Transaksi avanti, yaitu transaksi pembelian dan penjualan Valas yang nilainya ditetapkan pada Saat sekarang dan diberlakukan untuk waktu yang akan Datang, antara 2 x 24 marmellata sampai dengan satu tahun. Hukumnya Adalah haram, Karena di prezzo Yang digunakan Adalah di prezzo Yang diperjanjikan (muwaadah) Dan penyerahannya dilakukan di kemudian hari, padahal di prezzo pada waktu penyerahan tersebut Belum tentu sama dengan Nilai yang disepakati, kecuali dilakukan Dalam bentuk avanti accordo untuk kebutuhan yang Tidak dapat dihindari (lil hajah). c. Transaksi Swap, yaitu Suatu kontrak pembelian atau penjualan Valas dengan di prezzo posto yang dikombinasikan dengan pembelian Antara penjualan Valas yang sama dengan di prezzo in avanti. Hukumnya haram, Karena mengandung Unsur Maisir (spekulasi). d. Transaksi opzione, yaitu kontrak untuk memperoleh hak Dalam Rangka membeli atau hak untuk menjual yang Tidak Harus dilakukan atas sejumlah unità Valuta Asing pada di prezzo dan jangka waktu atau tanggal Akhir tertentu. Hukumnya haram, Karena mengandung Unsur Maisir (spekulasi). Hukum ISLAM Dalam TRANSAKSI Valas 1. Ada Ijab-Qobul. 8212gt Ada perjanjian untuk memberi dan menerima Penjual menyerahkan barang dan pembeli membayar Tunai. Ijab-Qobulnya dilakukan dengan Lisan, tulisan dan Utusan. Pembeli Dan penjual mempunyai wewenang Penuh melaksanakan dan melakukan tindakan-tindakan hukum (dewasa Dan berpikiran Sehat) 2. Memenuhi condizioni Costi menjadi objek transaksi Jual-beli yaitu: Suci barangnya (najis Bukan) Jelas barang dan harganya Dijual (dibeli) Oleh pemiliknya sendiri atau kuasanya ATAS izin pemiliknya Barang Sudah berada ditangannya jika barangnya diperoleh dengan imbalan. Perlu ditambahkan pendapat Muhammad Isa, bahwa Jual beli Saham ITU diperbolehkan Dalam Agama. 8220Jangan kamu membeli ikan Dalam aria, Karena sesungguhnya Jual beli yang demikian ITU mengandung penipuan8221. (Hadis Ahmad bin Hambal dan Al Baihaqi Dari Ibnu Mas8217ud) Jual Beli barang yang Tidak di Tempat transaksi diperbolehkan dengan condizioni Costi Harus diterangkan sifat-sifatnya atau Ciri-cirinya. Kemudian Jika Barang sesuai dengan keterangan penjual, Maka sahlah Jual belinya. Tetapi Jika Tidak sesuai maka pembeli mempunyai hak khiyar, artinya boleh meneruskan atau membatalkan Jual belinya. Hal ini sesuai dengan hadis Nabi riwayat Al Daraquthni Dari Abu Hurairah: 8220Barang Siapa yang membeli sesuatu yang ia Tidak melihatnya, Maka ia berhak khiyar jika ia Telah melihatnya8221. Jual beli Hasil tanam yang Masih terpendam, seperti ketela, kentang, Bawang dan sebagainya Juga diperbolehkan, Asal diberi contohnya, Karena akan mengalami kesulitan atau kerugian jika Harus mengeluarkan semua Hasil tanaman yang terpendam untuk dijual. Hal ini sesuai dengan Kaidah hukum Islam: Kesulitan itu menarik kemudahan. Demikian Juga Jual Beli barang-barang yang Telah terbungkustertutup, seperti makanan kalengan, GPL, dan sebagainya, asalkam etichetta diberi yang menerangkan isinya. Vide Sabiq, op. cit. Hal. 135. Mengenai teks Kaidah hukum Islam tersebut di ATAS, vide Al Suyuthi, Al Ashbah wa al Nadzair, Mesir, Mustafa Muhammad 1936 Hal. 55. Dalam bukunya Prof. Dott. Masjfuk Zuhdi yang berjudul Masail FIQHIYAH kapita Selecta Hukum Islam, diperoleh bahwa Forex (Perdagangan Valas) diperbolehkan Dalam hukum islam. Perdagangan Valuta Asing Timbul Karena adanya perdagangan barang-barang kebutuhankomoditi Antar negara yang bersifat Internasional. Perdagangan (Ekspor-Impor) ini tentu memerlukan alat Bayar yaitu Uang Yang Masing-Masing Negara mempunyai ketentuan sendiri dan Berbeda Satu sama lainnya sesuai dengan penawaran dan permintaan diantara Negara-Negara tersebut sehingga Timbul PERBANDINGAN Nilai MATA Uang Antar Negara. Perbandingan Nilai mata uang antar negara terkumpul Dalam Suatu BURSA atau PASAR yang bersifat internasional dan terikat Dalam Suatu kesepakatan bersama yang Saling menguntungkan. Nilai mata uang Suatu Negara Negara dengan lainnya ini berubah (berfluktuasi) setiap Saat sesuai volume di permintaan dan penawarannya. Adanya permintaan Dan penawaran Inilah yang menimbulkan transaksi mata uang. Yang Secara nyata hanyalah Tukar-menukar mata uang yang Berbeda Nilai. KONTRAK Bisnis FOREX. UMAT Sebagian Islam meragukan kehalalan praktik perdagangan berjangka. Bagaimana menurut padangan para Pakar Islam Jangan engkau menjual sesuatu yang ada Tidak padamu, 8221 sabda Nabi Muhammad SAW, HADITS Dalam Sebuah riwayat Abu Hurairah. Oleh sementara fuqaha (Ahli fiqih Islam), HADITS tersebut ditafsirkan Secara saklek. Pokoknya, setiap praktik Jual beli yang ada Tidak barangnya pada waktu AKAD, haram. Penafsiran Secara demikian itu, tak Pelak Lagi, membuat fiqih Islam Sulit untuk memenuhi tuntutan jaman yang Terus berkembang dengan perubahan-perubahannya. Karena itu, sejumlah ulama klasik yang terkenal dengan pemikiran cemerlangnya, cara menentang penafsiran yang terkesan sempit tersebut. Misalnya, Ibn al-Qayyim. Ulama bermazhab Hambali ini berpendapat, bahwa Tidak Benar Jual-beli barang yang ada Tidak dilarang. Baik Dalam Al Qur8217an, Sunnah maupun fatwa para Sahabat, larangan ITU ada Tidak. Dalam Sunnah Nabi, Hanya terdapat larangan menjual barang yang Belum Ada, sebagaimana larangan beberapa barang yang ada Sudah pada waktu AKAD. legis 8220Causa Atau larangan ilat tersebut Bukan ada atau Tidak adanya barang, melainkan garar, 8221 ujar Dr. Syamsul Anwar. MA dari IAIN SUKA Yogyakarta menjelaskan pendapat Ibn al-Qayyim. Garar Adalah ketidakpastian tentang apakah barang Yang diperjual-belikan ITU dapat diserahkan atau Tidak. Misalnya, seseorang menjual unta yang hilang. Atau menjual Barang Milik orang lain, padahal Tidak diberi kewenangan Oleh yang bersangkutan. Jadi, meskipun pada waktu akad barangnya Tidak ada, Namun ada kepastian diadakan pada waktu diperlukan sehingga Bisa diserahkan kepada pembeli, Maka Jual beli tersebut sah. Sebaliknya, kendati barangnya Sudah ada TAPI 8211 Karena Satu dan lain Hal 8212 Tidak mungkin diserahkan kepada pembeli, Maka Jual beli ITU Tidak sah. Perdagangan berjangka, Jelas, Bukan garar. Sebab, Dalam kontrak berjangkanya, Jenis komoditi Yang dijual-belikan Sudah ditentukan. Begitu Juga Con una quantità, Mutu, Tempat dan waktu penyerahannya. Semuanya berjalan di ATAS rel aturan resmi yang ketat, sebagai antisipasi terjadinya praktek penyimpangan berupa penipuan 8212 Satu hal yang sebetulnya Bisa Juga terjadi pada praktik jua-beli konvensional. Semoga Bisa Jadi pegangan untuk Tidak Jadi ragu2 DLM menjalankan bisnis forex ini. Semoga Allah Selalu melimpahkan Rahmat dan karuniaNya pada kita semua. Aamiin Ya Rabbal Alamin .. SSUATU YANG quotMERAGUKANquot wajib DITINGGALKAN APALAGI quotHARAMquot Perhatikan poin2 dibawah: 1. FOREX Valas yang dilakukan Secara langsung Tanpa menundanya, maka hukumnya HALAL. 2. FOREX Valas yang tertunda Walau sedetik gioco di parole untuk mendapatkan keuntungan Rugi, maka hukumnya HARAM. 3. FOREX Valas yang tertunda Walau sedetik gioco di parole dinilai sebagai RIBA dan RIBA hukumnya HARAM. Intinya bila kita menukar Valas Secara langsung Tunai UTK keperluan tertentu seperti ke Luar Negeri dll ITU Jelas HALAL. Tapi bila ITU ditukar dan ditunda UTK ditukar kembali demi keuntungan meskipun ditunda Cuma 1 detik..jelas RIBA. RIBA ITU HARAM. Dalil Dalil Dalam HADITS Jelas banyak pendukungnya Karena forex trader berjualan uang (ALT Jual Beli) Bukan Barang. Karena USD dll dan rupaih Adalah Uang Bukan barang..Kalo Kasih 1000 ya kembali Harus 1000 Bukan 1100. Orang yang mengatakan FOREX HALAL ITU wajar saja Karena biasanya yang bersangkutan Sedang menggeluti forex atau Tidak mengerti hukum Agama Islam dengan Benar. Kalo mau menghalalkan forex SAH SAH saja Selama Bukan dari Pandangan ISLAM. Kalo Dalam ISLAM Jelas RIBA alias HARAM. JUDI sebagian orang Untung TAPI sebagian orang Rugi seperti halnya principale kartu 10 orang di Meja. 1 ATO 2 orang Untung di Più Rugi. JUAL BELI HALAL SI A Untung dan SI B Untung Karena Jual beli barang dan nyata APA yang di perjual belikan dan saling menguntungkan Karena SI A dapat uang dan SI B dapat barang yang dibutuhkan. Dalam FOREX ada yang Rugi dan ada yang Untung dan ITU PASTI Hampir semua Negara Islam Sudah mngharamkan Bisnis FOREX dan MUI Hanya menghalal penukaran Valas posto di contatore Saja. Masih Berani mengatakan Bisnis FOREX ITU HALAL. Masihkah Anda Berdebat Seputar Halal Haram Forex Perdebatan mengenai haramnya halal forex Masih saja tetap diperbincangkan di beberapa grup, forum dan mezzi yang membahas Seputar forex. Yang menggelikan Adalah kisah 8220murtadnya8221 seorang yang Selama ini dikenal sebagai allenatore forex yang cukup dikenal di Dunia Maya dan berbalik ikut mengharamkan dunia forex FATWA FOREX di MALAYSIA dan INDONESIA Secara gioco di parole kelembagaan terdapat perbedaan pendapat Antara dewat fatwa Nasional Malesia dengan Indonesia (MUI) mengenai haramnya halal forex. Dewan Fatwa Nasional Malesia Secara Jelas larangan mengeluarkan perdagangan Valas atau forex trading individuale bagi kaum musulmano dan ITU menilai forex trading melanggar AJARAN Islam. Menurut Dewan Fatwa Nasional Malesia, perdagangan Valas Oleh cambiavalute atau antar Masih banca diperbolehkan, Namun perdagangan Valas individu dinilai Bisa menimbulkan kekacauan pada keyakinan. Berbeda dengan MUI yang Masih menganggap bahwa transaksi pronti Valas di perdagangan Masih halal dianggap, sedangkan ketiga Jenis perdagangan Valas lainnya yaitu in avanti, di swap dan opzione Adalah haram. Menurut MUI, transksi posto Tidak masuk kategori haram Karena merupakan transaksi pembelian dan penjualan Valuta Asing untuk penyerahan pada Saat ITU (over the counter) atau penyelesaiannya palizzata lambat Dalam jangka waktu dua Hari. Jenis perdagangan Valas: 1. Transaksi SPOT, yaitu transaksi pembelian dan penjualan Valas UTK penyerahan pd Saat ITU (over the counter) atau penyelesaian palizzata lambat DLM jangka waktu dua Hari. 2. Transaksi AVANTI, yaitu transaksi pembelian dan penjualan Valas YG ditetapkan pd Saat sekarang 038 diberlakukan pd Saat YG Akan Datang, Antara 221524 marmellata sampai DGN satu tahun. 3. Transaksi SWAP yaitu Suatu kontrak pembelian atau penjualan Valas dengan di prezzo posto yang dikombinasikan dengan pembelian Antara penjualan Valas yang sama dengan di prezzo in avanti. 4. Transaksi OPZIONE yaitu kontrak untuk memperoleh hak Dalam Rangka membeli atau hak untuk menjual yang Tidak Harus dilakukan atas sejumlah unità Valuta Asing pada di prezzo dan jangka waktu atau tanggal Akhir tertentu. Yang agak rancu dari fatwa haram MUI diatas Adalah mengenai transaksi SWAP, mereka menganggap transaksi tersebut haram Karena mengandung Unsur Maisir (spekulasi). Pada prakteknya semua mediatore Dalam Negri menggunakan SWAP Dalam transaksi valasnya yang Jelas-Jelas diharamkan Oleh MUI. Berbeda dengan mediatore Luar Negri yang Masih memberikan pilihan Antara SWAP dan NON SWAP Bagi kliennya. Ini jugalah salah Satu hal yang menjadi pertimbangan sekelompok commerciante del forex Dalam Negri untuk tetap memilih broker forex Luar Negri (Baca Juga Pilih broker forex Dalam atau Luar Negri) PERDEBATAN HALAL HARAM FOREX di Masyarakat Di kalangan Masyarakat Awam dan commerciante del forex sendiri Masih Sering dijumpai perdebatan Seputar halal forex haramnya. Masing-Masing berusaha menganalogikan transaksi perdagangan forex ke berbagai perumpamaan agar Mudah dipahami dan dikaji Benang Merah halal haramnya atau. Yang lucunya ada yang beberapa analogi keliru di Masyarakat Dalam mencoba menelaah kegiatan forex trading sehingga membuat pemahaman sebagian besar orang menjadi makin salah mengenai kegiatan perdagangan forex. Parahnya Lagi, ada yang beberapa pihak Malah immagine memanfaatkan kegiatan perdagangan forex Dalam skema dengan modus kriminalkejahatan berupa penipuan dan penggelapan uang ataupun bentuk investasi DIP yang tentu saja makin membuat Buruk Bisnis forex. Sebagaimana tertulis Dalam salah Satu HADITS Dari ARI an-Numan ra bin Basyir, 8220Barangsiapa Yang menjaga dirinya dari perkara syubhat (sesuatu hal yang dirasa kurang Jelas Antara halal atau haram), Maka ia Telah melepaskan dirinya dari melakukan sesuatu yang mencemarkan Agama serta kehormatannya. Dan Barang Siapa yang Telah jatuh Dalam perkara syubhat, Maka Bisa-Bisa jatuhlah ia Dalam keharaman.8221 (Tulisan dikirimkan Oleh seorang pemerhati forex yang Tidak mau disebutkan identitasnya) termini di ricerca in arrivo: forex haram forex menurut islam forex halal atau haram hukum forex trading online Dalam islam apakah commercio ITU halal forex haram hukum di trading forex trading forex halal hukum Dalam islam hukum forex Abdul mannan dice: Assalamualaikum wr. wb. Apakah Sudah Benar kalaufatwa mui tentang Jual Beli Mata uang (al-Sharf) dihubungkan dengan forex trading, Coba eun Baca dengan seksama APA yang dimaksud Dalam fatwa tersebut, Karna menurut pemahaman saya ITU Adalah Jual beli Secara Kontan dengan penyerahan fisik, Dalam sedangkan forex trading yang meliputi pasangan mata uang dan komoditi Adalah transaksi deviratif yang dilakukan Bukan untuk memilikinya Tanpa penyerahan fisik, melainkan semata-mata menjadikannya sebagai komoditas untuk spekulasi atau keuntungan. Wassalam Syarif Hidayat dice: kan forex Juga begitu8230 transaksi Secara fisik Juga namanya tuh dan Kontan. Karena Sudah Jelas saldo uang Dalam rekening forex kita berapa8230 uang YG ditransaksikan Juga berapa kan Sudah Jelas itu..dan Nilai-nilai uang Dalam akun forex ITU Sudah mencerminkan uang sungguhan kita8230 sama kayak atm..kita trasferimento uang kerekening orang lain8230itu Juga YG kita mainkan Adalah mengetik Angka-angka..dan akhirnya uang ITU terkirim kerekening orang lain..begitu Juga di forex..yang kita transaksikan Adalah uang Dalam bentuk Angka-Angka seperti YG Muncul dilayat atm tadi8230 Jadi uang YG Dalam rekening forex ITU nyata dan mencerminkan uang Kita .. Lascia un commento Clicca qui per cancellare la reply. Hukum Forex Trading Menurut MUI Halal atau Haram Mengingat banyaknya yang mempertanyakan forex APA hukum di trading menurutIslam (Meski Sudah banyak dikupas) Maka berikut ini saya pubblicare artikel dari Gainscope tentang FATWA MUI tentang TRADING FOREX. Di Luar sana berkembang Juga pendapat yang bersebarangan dengan fatwa MUI ini di mana mereka tetap berpendirian pada bahwa forex trading Adalah HARAM dengan hujjahargumen yang mereka pegangi. Keputusan berpulang pada dan ada di tangan Anda. Selamat membaca. Fatwa MUI Tentang Jual Beli Mata Uang (AL-Sharf) Pertanyaan Yang PASTI ditanyakan Oleh setiap commerciante di Indonesia: 1. Apakah Forex Trading Haram 2. Apakah Forex Trading Halal 3. Apakah Forex Trading diperbolehkan Dalam Agama Islam 4. Apakah SWAP itu Mari kita Bahas dengan artikel yang Pertama: Forex Dalam Hukum Islam Dalam bukunya Prof. Dott. Masjfuk Zuhdi yang berjudul Masail FIQHIYAH kapita Selecta Hukum Islam, diperoleh bahwa Forex (Perdagangan Valas) diperbolehkan Dalam hukum islam. Perdagangan Valuta Asing Timbul Karena adanya perdagangan barang-barang kebutuhankomoditi Antar negara yang bersifat Internasional. Perdagangan (Ekspor-Impor) ini tentu memerlukan alat Bayar yaitu Uang Yang Masing-Masing Negara mempunyai ketentuan sendiri dan Berbeda Satu sama lainnya sesuai dengan penawaran dan permintaan diantara Negara-Negara tersebut sehingga Timbul PERBANDINGAN Nilai MATA Uang Antar Negara. Perbandingan Nilai mata uang antar negara terkumpul Dalam Suatu BURSA atau PASAR yang bersifat internasional dan terikat Dalam Suatu kesepakatan bersama yang Saling menguntungkan. Nilai mata uang Suatu Negara Negara dengan lainnya ini berubah (berfluktuasi) setiap Saat sesuai volume di permintaan dan penawarannya. Adanya permintaan Dan penawaran Inilah yang menimbulkan transaksi mata uang. Yang Secara nyata hanyalah Tukar-menukar mata uang yang Berbeda Nilai. Hukum ISLAM Dalam TRANSAKSI Valas 1. Ada Ijab-Qobul. --- Gt Ada perjanjian untuk memberi dan menerima Penjual menyerahkan barang dan pembeli membayar Tunai. Ijab-Qobulnya dilakukan dengan Lisan, tulisan dan Utusan. Pembeli Dan penjual mempunyai wewenang Penuh melaksanakan dan melakukan tindakantindakan hukum (dewasa Dan berpikiran Sehat) 2. Memenuhi condizioni Costi menjadi objek transaksi Jual-beli yaitu: Suci barangnya (najis Bukan) dapat dimanfaatkan dapat diserahterimakan Jelas barang dan harganya Dijual (dibeli) sendiri Oleh pemiliknya atau kuasanya ATAS izin pemiliknya Barang Sudah berada ditangannya jika barangnya diperoleh dengan imbalan. Perlu ditambahkan pendapat Muhammad Isa, bahwa Jual beli Saham ITU diperbolehkan Dalam Agama. Jangan kamu membeli ikan Dalam aria, Karena sesungguhnya Jual beli yang demikian ITU mengandung penipuan. (Hadis Ahmad bin Hambal dan Al Baihaqi Dari Ibnu Masud) Jual Beli barang yang Tidak di Tempat transaksi diperbolehkan dengan condizioni Costi Harus diterangkan sifatsifatnya atau Ciri-cirinya. Kemudian Jika Barang sesuai dengan keterangan penjual, Maka sahlah Jual belinya. Tetapi Jika Tidak sesuai maka pembeli mempunyai hak khiyar, artinya boleh meneruskan atau membatalkan Jual belinya. Hal ini sesuai dengan hadis Nabi riwayat Al Daraquthni Dari Abu Hurairah: 8220Barang Siapa yang membeli sesuatu yang ia melihatnya Tidak, Maka ia berhak khiyar jika ia Telah melihatnya. Jual beli Hasil tanam yang Masih terpendam, seperti ketela, kentang, Bawang dan sebagainya Juga diperbolehkan, Asal diberi contohnya, Karena akan mengalami kesulitan atau kerugian jika Harus mengeluarkan semua Hasil tanaman yang terpendam untuk dijual. Hal ini sesuai dengan Kaidah hukum Islam: 8220Kesulitan itu menarik kemudahan.8221 Demikian Juga Jual Beli barang-barang yang Telah terbungkustertutup, seperti makanan kalengan, GPL, dan sebagainya, asalkam etichetta diberi yang menerangkan isinya. Vide Sabiq, op. cit. Hal. 135. Mengenai teks Kaidah hukum Islam tersebut di ATAS, vide Al Suyuthi, Al Ashbah wa al Nadzair, Mesir, Mustafa Muhammad 1936 Hal. 55. JUAL BELI VALUTA Asing DAN Saham Yang dimaksud dengan Valuta Asing Adalah mata uang Luar Negeri seperi dolar Amerika, poundsterling Inggris, ringgit Malesia dan sebagainya. Apabila antara Negara terjadi perdagangan internasional maka TIAP Negara membutuhkan Valuta Asing untuk alat Bayar Luar Negeri yang Dalam dunia perdagangan disebut Devisa. Misalnya eksportir Indonesia akan memperoleh Devisa dari Hasil ekspornya, sebaliknya importare, Indonesia memerlukan Devisa untuk mengimpor dari Luar Negeri. Dengan demikian Timbul akan penawaran dan perminataan di borsa Valuta Asing. setiap Negara berwenang Penuh menetapkan Kurs uangnya Masing-Masing (Kurs Adalah perbandingan nilai uangnya terhadap mata uang Asing) misalnya 1 dolar Amerika Rp. 12.000. Namun Kurs uang atau perbandingan nilai Tukar setiap Saat Bisa berubah-Ubah, tergantung pada kekuatan ekonomi Negara Masing-Masing. Kurs Pencatatan uang dan transaksi Jual beli Valuta Asing diselenggarakan di Bursa Valuta Asing (AWJ Tupanno, et al Ekonomi dan Koperasi, Jakarta, Depdikbud 1982 Hal 76-77..) FATWA MUI tentang PERDAGANGAN Valas Fatwa Dewan Syariah Nasional Majelis Ulama Indonesia No: 28DSN-MUIIII2002 tentang Jual Beli Mata Uang (al-Sharf) a. Bahwa Dalam sejumlah kegiatan untuk memenuhi berbagai keperluan, seringkali diperlukan transaksi Jual-beli mata uang (al-Sharf), Baik Antar Mata Uang sejenis maupun Antar mata Uang berlainan Jenis. b. Bahwa Dalam URF tijari (Tradisi perdagangan) transaksi Jual Beli mata uang dikenal beberapa bentuk transaksi yang stato hukumnya Dalam pandangan AJARAN Islam Berbeda Antara Satu bentuk dengan bentuk rimasto. c. Bahwa agar kegiatan transaksi tersebut dilakukan sesuai dengan AJARAN Islam, DSN memandang Perlu menetapkan fatwa tentang al-Sharf untuk pedoman dijadikan. 1. Firman Allah, QS. Al-Baqarah2: 275:. Dan Allah Telah menghalalkan Jual beli dan mengharamkan riba. 2. Hadis Nabi riwayat al-Baihaqi dan Ibn Maja dari Abu Said al-Khudri: Rasulullah SAW bersabda, Sesungguhnya Jual beli ITU Hanya Boleh dilakukan ATAS dasar kerelaan (Antara kedua Belah pihak) (HR albaihaqi Dan Ibn Maja, dan dinilai shahih Oleh. Ibnu Hibban). 3. Hadis Nabi Riwayat musulmano, Abu Daud, Tirmidzi, Nasai, dan Ibn Maja, teks dengan musulmana dari Ubadah bin Shamit, Nabi ha visto bersabda: (Juallah) EMAS dengan EMAS, Perak dengan Perak, Gandum dengan Gandum, Syair dengan Syair, kurma dengan kurma, dan garam dengan garam (Denga condizioni Costi Harus) sama dan sejenis Serta Secara Tunai. Jika jenisnya Berbeda, juallah sekehendakmu Jika dilakukan Secara Tunai .. 4. Hadis Nabi riwayat musulmana, Tirmidzi, Nasai, Abu Daud, Ibn Maja, dan Ahmad, dari Umar bin Khattab, Nabi ha visto bersabda: (Jual-beli) EMAS dengan Perak Adalah Riba kecuali (dilakukan) Tunai Secara. 5. Hadis Nabi riwayat musulmano dari Abu Said al-Khudri, Nabi ha visto bersabda: Janganlah kamu menjual EMAS dengan EMAS kecuali sama (nilainya) Dan janganlah menambahkan sebagian atas sebagian di Più janganlah menjual Perak Perak dengan kecuali sama (nilainya) Dan janganlah sebagaian menambahkan ATAS sebagian di Più dan janganlah menjual EMAS dan Perak tersebut yang Tidak Tunai dengan yang Tunai. 6. Hadis Nabi riwayat musulmano dari Bara bin Azib dan Zaid bin Arqam. Rasulullah visto melarang menjual Perak dengan EMAS Secara piutang (Tidak Tunai). 7. Hadis Nabi riwayat Tirmidzi dari Amr bin Auf: Perjanjian dapat dilakukan di Antara kaum Muslimin, kecuali perjanjian Yang Yang mengharamkan atau halal menghalalkan yang haram dan kaum Muslimin terikat dengan condizioni Costi-condizioni Costi mereka kecuali condizioni Costi Yang Yang mengharamkan atau halal menghalalkan yang haram. 8. Ijma. Ulama Sepakat (ijma) bahwa AKAD al-Sharf disyariatkan dengan condizioni Costi-condizioni Costi tertentu 1. Surat dari pimpinah Unità Usaha Syariah Bank BNI no. UUS2878 2. Pendapat peserta Rapat Pleno Dewan Syariah Nasional pada Hari Kamis, tanggal 14 Muharram 1423H 28 Maret 2002 Dewan Syariah Nasional Menetapkan. FATWA Tentang JUAL BELI MATA Uang (AL-Sharf). Pertama. Ketentuan Umum Transaksi Jual beli mata uang pada prinsipnya boleh dengan ketentuan sebagai berikut: 1. Tidak untuk spekulasi (Untung-untungan). 2. Ada kebutuhan transaksi atau untuk berjaga-Jaga (Simpanan). 3. Apabila transaksi dilakukan terhadap mata uang sejenis maka nilainya Harus sama dan Secara Tunai (at-taqabudh). 4. Apabila berlainan Jenis maka Harus dilakukan dengan nilai Tukar (Kurs) yang berlaku pada Saat transaksi dan Secara Tunai. Kedua. Jenis-Jenis transaksi Valuta Asing 1. Transaksi SPOT, yaitu transaksi pembelian dan penjualan Valuta Asing untuk penyerahan pada Saat ITU (over the counter) atau penyelesaiannya palizzata lambat Dalam jangka waktu dua Hari. Hukumnya Adalah boleh, Karena dianggap Tunai, sedangkan waktu dua hari dianggap sebagai prose penyelesaian yang Tidak Bisa dihindari dan merupakan transaksi Internasional. 2. Transaksi AVANTI, yaitu transaksi pembelian dan penjualan Valas yang nilainya ditetapkan pada Saat sekarang dan diberlakukan untuk waktu yang akan Datang, Antara 2x24 marmellata sampai dengan satu tahun. Hukumnya Adalah haram, Karena di prezzo Yang digunakan Adalah di prezzo Yang diperjanjikan (muwaadah) Dan penyerahannya dilakukan di kemudian hari, padahal di prezzo pada waktu penyerahan tersebut Belum tentu sama dengan Nilai yang disepakati, kecuali dilakukan Dalam bentuk avanti accordo untuk kebutuhan yang Tidak dapat dihindari (lil hajah) 3. Transaksi SWAP yaitu Suatu kontrak pembelian atau penjualan Valas dengan di prezzo posto yang dikombinasikan dengan pembelian Antara penjualan Valas yang sama dengan di prezzo in avanti. Hukumnya haram, Karena mengandung Unsur Maisir (spekulasi). 4. Transaksi OPZIONE yaitu kontrak untuk memperoleh hak Dalam Rangka membeli atau hak untuk menjual yang Tidak Harus dilakukan atas sejumlah unità Valuta Asing pada di prezzo dan jangka waktu atau tanggal Akhir tertentu. Hukumnya haram, Karena mengandung Unsur Maisir (spekulasi). Ketiga. Fatwa ini berlaku sejak tanggal ditetapkan, dengan ketentuan Jika di kemudian hari ternyata terdapat kekeliruan, diubah akan dan disempurnakan sebagaimana mestinya. di Ditetapkan. Jakarta Tanggal. 14 Muharram 1423 H 28 Maret 2002 m DEWAN Syariah NASIONAL - Majelis Ulama Indonesia Tulisan lain yang menguatkan Adalah sebagaimana ditulis Oleh Dr. Mohammed Obaidullah di bawah ini tentang ISLAMICA forex trading. 1. La Borsa di base Contratti Vi è un consenso generale tra i giuristi islamici sulla considerazione che le valute di diversi paesi possono essere scambiati su base spot ad una velocità diversa da unità, dal momento che le valute di diversi paesi sono entità distinte con valori diversi o valore intrinseco e il potere d'acquisto. Ci sembra anche essere un accordo generale tra la maggioranza degli studiosi sulla considerazione che il cambio valuta su una base in avanti non è consentito, cioè quando i diritti e gli obblighi di entrambe le parti si riferiscono a una data futura. Tuttavia, vi è una notevole differenza di opinione tra i giuristi, quando i diritti di una delle due parti, che è lo stesso come l'obbligo della controparte, è differito ad una data futura. Elaborare, consideriamo l'esempio di due individui A e B che appartengono a due paesi diversi, rispettivamente, India e Stati Uniti. Un intende vendere rupie indiane e comprare dollari residenti negli Stati Uniti. Il contrario è vero per B. Il tasso di cambio rupia-dollaro concordato è 01:20 e la transazione comporta l'acquisto e la vendita di 50. La prima situazione è che A effettua un pagamento luogo di Rs1000 a B e accetta il pagamento di 50 da B . L'operazione è regolata su base spot da entrambe le estremità. Tali operazioni sono validi e islamicamente ammissibile. Non ci sono due opinioni circa la stessa. La seconda possibilità è che il regolamento dell'operazione da entrambe le estremità viene differita a una data futura, diciamo dopo sei mesi da oggi. Questo implica che entrambi A e B dovrebbero stabilire e accettare pagamento di Rs1000 o 50, come il caso, dopo sei mesi. Il punto di vista predominante è che un tale contratto non è islamicamente ammesso. Una vista minoranza ritiene lecito. Il terzo scenario è che l'operazione è in parte regolata da una sola estremità. Ad esempio, A effettua un pagamento di Rs1000 ora a B al posto di una promessa da B a pagare da 50 a lui dopo sei mesi. In alternativa, A accetta 50 ora da B e promette di pagare Rs1000 a lui dopo sei mesi. Ci sono diametralmente opposte vedute sulla liceità di tali contratti che ammontano a BAI-salam in valute. Lo scopo di questo lavoro è quello di presentare un'analisi completa dei vari argomenti a sostegno e contro la liceità di tali contratti di base che coinvolgono valute. La prima forma di contrarre che coinvolge lo scambio di controvalori su base spot è al di là di ogni tipo di polemica. Ammissibilità o meno del secondo tipo di contratto in cui la consegna di uno dei controvalori è differito ad una data futura, è generalmente discussi nel quadro del proibizionismo riba. Di conseguenza si discute questo contratto in dettaglio nella sezione 2 che fare con la questione del divieto di riba. Ammissibilità della terza forma di contratto in cui è differita la consegna di entrambi i controvalori, è generalmente discussa nell'ambito della riduzione del rischio e di incertezza o gharar partecipano a detti contratti. Questo, dunque, è il tema centrale della sezione 3, che tratta il tema del gharar. Sezione 4 tentativi una visione olistica della Sharia riguarda questioni come anche l'importanza economica delle forme fondamentali della contrattazione nel mercato valutario. 2. Il rilascio di Riba Divieto La divergenza di views1 sulla liceità o meno di contratti di cambio in valuta può essere fatta in primo luogo alla questione della proibizione riba. La necessità di eliminare Riba in tutte le forme di contratti di cambio è della massima importanza. Riba nel suo contesto Sharia è generalmente defined2 come un guadagno illecito derivato dalla diseguaglianza quantitativa dei controvalori in qualsiasi transazione che pretendono di effettuare lo scambio di due o più specie (ANWA), che appartengono allo stesso genere (jins) e sono governati da la stessa causa efficiente (illa). Riba è suddiviso in riba al-Fadl (eccesso) e riba al-Nasia (differimento), che denotano un vantaggio illecito per mezzo di eccesso o di differimento, rispettivamente. Divieto di ex si ottiene una clausola che il tasso di cambio tra gli oggetti è unità e nessun guadagno è lecito entrambe le parti. Quest'ultimo tipo di Riba è vietato vietando regolamento differito e garantire che l'operazione è regolata sul posto da entrambe le parti. Un'altra forma di riba si chiama Riba al-jahiliyya o riba pre-islamica, che emerge quando il creditore chiede al mutuatario alla data di scadenza, se quest'ultimo sarebbe saldare il debito o aumentare lo stesso. Aumento è accompagnato da interessi sulla somma inizialmente preso in prestito la ricarica. Il divieto di riba nello scambio di valute appartenenti a diversi paesi richiede un processo di analogia (qiyas). E in ogni tale esercizio che coinvolge analogia (qiyas), causa efficiente (illa) svolge un ruolo estremamente importante. Si tratta di una causa efficiente comune (illa), che collega l'oggetto della analogia con il suo soggetto, nell'esercizio del ragionamento analogico. La causa efficiente appropriata (illa) nel caso di contratti di scambio è stato variamente definito dalle maggiori scuole di fiqh. Questa differenza si riflette nel ragionamento analogo per le valute di carta appartenenti a diversi paesi. Una questione di grande importanza nel processo di ragionamento analogo riguarda il confronto tra valute di carta con oro e argento. Nei primi tempi dell'Islam, oro e argento eseguite tutte le funzioni del denaro (Thaman). Valute erano in oro e argento con un valore noto intrinseco (quantum di oro o argento contenuta in essi). Tali valute sono descritti come Haqiqi Thaman, o naqdain nella letteratura fiqh. Questi erano universalmente accettabili come principale mezzo di scambio, che rappresentano una fetta consistente di transazioni. Molte altre materie prime, come ad esempio, metalli vari inferiori anche servito come mezzo di scambio, ma con l'accettabilità limitata. Questi sono descritti come fals nella letteratura fiqh. Questi sono noti anche come istalahi Thaman causa del fatto che la loro accettabilità non deriva dal loro valore intrinseco, ma a causa dello stato accordato dalla società durante un particolare periodo di tempo. I suddetti due forme di valute sono stati trattati in modo molto diverso dai primi giuristi islamici dal punto di vista della liceità dei contratti che li riguardano. Il problema che deve essere risolto è se le attuali valute di carta età rientrano nella prima categoria e la seconda. Un punto di vista è che questi devono essere trattati alla pari con Haqiqi Thaman o oro e argento, dal momento che questi servono come il principale mezzo di scambio e di unità di conto come quest'ultimo. Quindi, per un ragionamento analogo, tutte le Sharia legati norme e ingiunzioni applicabili a Haqiqi Thaman dovrebbe essere applicabile anche a carta moneta. Scambio di Haqiqi Thaman è conosciuto come bai-sarf, e, di conseguenza, le operazioni in valute di carta deve essere regolata dalla sharia norme pertinenti per bai-sarf. La tesi contraria afferma che le valute di carta devono essere trattati in modo simile a fals o istalahi Thaman a causa del fatto che il loro valore nominale è diverso dal loro valore intrinseco. La loro accettabilità deriva dal loro status legale all'interno del paese domestico o l'importanza economica globale (come nel caso di dollari USA, per esempio). 2.1. Una sintesi di Alternative Visto 2.1.1. Ragionamento analogico (Qiyas) per Riba Divieto Il divieto di riba si basa sulla tradizione che il Santo Profeta (pace su di lui) ha detto, vendere oro per l'oro, l'argento per l'argento, il grano per il frumento, l'orzo per l'orzo, la data per la data, sale per il sale, in stesse quantità sul posto e in cui i prodotti sono diversi, vendere quanto più vi si addice, ma sul posto. Così, il divieto di riba vale soprattutto per i due metalli preziosi (oro e argento) e le altre quattro materie prime (frumento, orzo, datteri e sale). Si applica anche, per analogia (qiyas) a tutte le specie che sono governati dalla stessa causa efficiente (illa) o che appartengono a uno dei generi dei sei oggetti citati nella tradizione. Tuttavia, non c'è accordo generale tra le varie scuole di Fiqh e persino studiosi appartenenti alla stessa scuola sulla definizione e l'identificazione di causa efficiente (illa) di Riba. Per la Hanafiti, causa efficiente (illa) di Riba ha due dimensioni: gli articoli scambiati appartengono allo stesso genere (jins) questi possiedono peso (Wazan) o misurabilità (kiliyya). Se in un determinato scambio, sia gli elementi di causa efficiente (illa) sono presenti, cioè, i controvalori scambiati appartengono allo stesso genere (jins) e sono tutti pesabili o tutti misurabili, allora nessun guadagno è consentito (il tasso di cambio deve essere uguale all'unità) e lo scambio deve essere su base spot. In caso di oro e argento, i due elementi della causa efficiente (illa) sono: l'unità del genere (jins) e weighability. Questa è anche la vista hanbalita secondo una versione 3. (Una versione diversa è simile alla vista Shafii e Maliki, come discusso qui di seguito.) Così, quando l'oro viene scambiato per l'oro, o argento viene scambiato per l'argento, solo operazioni a pronti senza alcun guadagno sono consentiti. È anche possibile che in un dato scambio, uno dei due elementi della causa efficiente (illa) è presente e l'altro è assente. Ad esempio, se gli articoli scambiati sono tutti pesabili o misurabile, ma appartengono a diverse genus (jins) o, se gli articoli scambiati appartengono allo stesso genere (jins), ma nessuno dei due è pesabili né misurabile, poi scambiare con guadagno (ad una velocità diversa da unità) è ammesso, ma lo scambio deve essere su base spot. Così, quando l'oro viene scambiato per l'argento, il tasso può essere diverso da unità ma nessuna regolamento differito è ammissibile. Se nessuno dei due elementi di causa efficiente (illa) di Riba sono presenti in un determinato scambio, quindi nessuno dei provvedimenti inibitori a divieto riba applicare. Scambio può avvenire con o senza guadagno e sia su un punto o su base differita. Considerando il caso di scambio che coinvolge valute di carta appartenenti a diversi paesi, divieto riba richiederebbe una ricerca di causa efficiente (illa). Valute appartenenti a diversi paesi sono chiaramente entità distinte queste corso legale entro specifici confini geografici con diversi valore intrinseco o potere d'acquisto. Quindi, la grande maggioranza degli studiosi forse a ragione affermare che non c'è unità del genere (jins). Inoltre, questi sono né pesabili né misurabili. Questo porta ad una conclusione diretta che nessuno dei due elementi di causa efficiente (illa) del riba esiste in tale scambio. Quindi, lo scambio può avvenire libero da qualsiasi ingiunzione per quanto riguarda il tasso di cambio e le modalità di insediamento. La logica alla base di questa posizione non è difficile da comprendere. Il valore intrinseco di valute di carta appartenenti a diversi paesi differiscono come questi hanno un potere d'acquisto. Inoltre, il valore intrinseco o vale la pena di valute di carta non può essere individuato o valutati diversamente oro e d'argento che può essere pesato. Quindi, né la presenza di riba Fadl (per eccesso), né riba al-Nasia (by differimento) può essere stabilito. La scuola Shafii del Fiqh considera la causa efficiente (Illa) in caso di oro e argento per la loro proprietà di essere moneta (thamaniyya) oppure il mezzo di scambio, unità di conto e riserva di valore. Questa è anche l'opinione Maliki. Secondo una versione di questo punto di vista, anche se la carta o in pelle è fatto il mezzo di scambio e viene dato lo status di valuta, quindi tutte le norme relative alla naqdain, o oro e argento si applicano a loro. Così, secondo questa versione, scambio che coinvolge valute di paesi diversi ad una velocità diversa dall'unità è lecito, ma deve essere effettuato su base spot. Un'altra versione di queste due scuole di pensiero è che il sopra citato causa efficiente (illa) di essere moneta (thamaniyya) è specifico per l'oro e l'argento, e non può essere generalizzata. Cioè, ogni altro oggetto, se utilizzato come mezzo di scambio, non può essere incluso nella loro categoria. Quindi, secondo questa versione, le ingiunzioni Sharia per divieto riba non sono applicabili alle valute di carta. Valute appartenenti a diversi paesi possono essere scambiati con o senza guadagno e sia su un punto o su base differita. I sostenitori della versione precedente citare il caso di scambio di valute di carta appartenenti allo stesso Paese in difesa della loro versione. Il parere di consenso di giuristi in questo caso è che tale scambio deve essere senza alcun guadagno o ad un tasso pari all'unità e deve essere regolato su base spot. Qual è la logica alla base della decisione di cui sopra Se si considera la Hanafi e la prima versione della posizione Hanbali, allora, in questo caso, solo una dimensione della causa efficiente (Illa) è presente, cioè, essi appartengono allo stesso genere (jins ). Ma valute di carta sono né pesabili né misurabile. Quindi, la legge Hanafi sarebbe evidentemente permettere lo scambio di quantità diverse di una stessa valuta su base spot. Allo stesso modo se la causa efficiente di essere moneta (thamaniyya) è specifico solo per l'oro e l'argento, poi Shafii e Maliki legge sarebbe anche permettere lo stesso. Inutile dire che, ciò equivale a permettere l'indebitamento riba-based e di prestito. Questo dimostra che, è la prima versione del Shafii e Maliki pensiero che sta alla base della decisione consensuale di divieto di guadagno e di regolamento differito in caso di cambio delle valute appartenenti allo stesso Paese. Secondo i sostenitori, che si estende questa logica di scambio di valute di paesi diversi implicherebbe che lo scambio con guadagno o ad una velocità diversa da unità è ammissibile (dato che non c'è unità di jins), ma insediamento deve essere su base spot. 2.1.2 Confronto tra cambio valuta e Bai-Sarf Bai-sarf è definito nella letteratura fiqh come uno scambio che coinvolge Haqiqi Thaman, definito come l'oro e l'argento, che serviva come mezzo principale del cambio di quasi tutte le principali transazioni. I fautori del parere che qualsiasi scambio di valute di paesi diversi è uguale bai-sarf sostengono che nella nostra epoca valute cartacee hanno efficacemente e completamente sostituito oro e argento come mezzo di scambio. Quindi, per analogia, scambio che coinvolge tali valute dovrebbe essere governato dalle stesse regole e le ingiunzioni della Sharia come bai-sarf. Si sostiene anche che, se è consentito insediamento differita da entrambe le parti del contratto, questo aprirebbe la possibilità di Riba-al Nasia. Gli oppositori della categorizzazione di cambio di valuta con bai-sarf tuttavia sottolineano che lo scambio di tutte le forme di moneta (Thaman) non può essere definito come bai-sarf. Secondo questa visione bai-sarf implica lo scambio di valute in oro e argento (Thaman Haqiqi o naqdain) da sola e non di denaro pronunciato come tali dalle autorità statali (istalahi Thaman). Le valute di età presenti sono esempi di quest'ultimo tipo. Questi studiosi trovano sostegno in quegli scritti che affermano che se le merci di scambio non sono oro o argento, (anche se uno di questi è oro o argento), allora, lo scambio non può essere definito come bai-sarf. Né sarebbero le disposizioni in materia di bai-SARF essere applicabile a tali scambi. Secondo l'Imam Sarakhsi4 quando un individuo acquista fals o monete fatte di metalli inferiori, come ad esempio, il rame (istalahi Thaman) per dirhams (Haqiqi Thaman) e fa un pagamento posto di quest'ultimo, ma il venditore non ha fals in quel momento , allora tale scambio è ammissibile. presa di possesso di merci scambiate da entrambe le parti non è una condizione necessaria (mentre nel caso di bai-sarf, lo è.) Un certo numero di riferimenti simili esistono, che indicano che i giuristi non classificano uno scambio di FALS (istalahi Thaman) per un altro FALS ( istalahi Thaman) o oro o argento (Haqiqi Thaman), come bai-sarf. Quindi, gli scambi di valute di due paesi diversi, che possono qualificarsi solo come istalahi Thaman non possono essere classificati come bai-sarf. Né può essere imposto il vincolo in materia di regolamento a pronti su tali operazioni. Va notato qui che la definizione di bai-sarf è fornito Fiqh la letteratura e non vi è alcuna menzione dello stesso nelle tradizioni sacre. Le tradizioni menzione circa riba, e la vendita e l'acquisto di oro e argento (naqdain), che può essere una delle principali fonti di riba, è descritto come bai-sarf dai giuristi islamici. Va inoltre osservato che in letteratura Fiqh, bai-sarf implica scambio di oro o argento solo se questi vengono attualmente utilizzati come mezzo di scambio o meno. Scambio coinvolgendo dinari e ornamenti d'oro, sia la qualità come bai-sarf. Vari giuristi hanno cercato di chiarire questo punto e hanno definito sarf come quello scambio in cui entrambi i prodotti scambiati sono nella natura di Thaman, non necessariamente Thaman stessi. Quindi, anche quando uno dei beni viene elaborato oro (diciamo, ornamenti), tale scambio è chiamato bai-sarf. I sostenitori della vista che lo scambio di valuta deve essere trattato in modo simile a BAI-SARF derivare anche il sostegno di scritti dei giuristi islamici eminenti. Secondo l'Imam Ibn Taimiya tutto ciò che svolge le funzioni di mezzo di scambio, unità di conto e riserva di valore si chiama Thaman, (non necessariamente limitato all'argento amp oro). riferimenti simili sono disponibili negli scritti di Imam Ghazzali5 Per quanto riguarda il punto di vista di Imam Sarakhshi è preoccupato per quanto riguarda scambio che coinvolge fals, secondo loro, alcuni punti supplementari devono essere prese nota. Nei primi tempi dell'Islam, dinari e dirham d'oro e d'argento sono stati per lo più utilizzati come mezzo di scambio in tutte le principali transazioni. i minori sono stati risolti solo con fals. In altre parole, fals non possiedono le caratteristiche di denaro o thamaniyya in pieno ed è stato poco utilizzato come riserva di valore o di unità di conto ed era più nella natura della merce. Quindi non vi era alcuna restrizione acquisto degli stessi per oro e argento su base differita. Le valute presenti al giorno hanno tutte le caratteristiche di Thaman e sono destinate ad essere solo Thaman. Lo scambio che coinvolge valute di paesi diversi è uguale bai-sarf con differenza di jins e, di conseguenza, la liquidazione differita porterebbe a riba al-Nasia. Dr Mohamed Nejatullah Siddiqui illustra questa possibilità con una ESEMPIO6. Egli scrive in un dato momento nel momento in cui il tasso di mercato di scambio tra dollaro e rupia è 1:20, se un individuo acquisti 50 al tasso di 1:22 (insediamento del suo obbligo di rupie differita ad una data futura), poi è altamente probabile che sia. infatti, prestito Rs. 1000 ora al posto di una promessa di rimborsare Rs. 1100 in una data successiva specificata. (Dal momento che, si può ottenere Rs 1000 ora, scambiando il 50 acquistati a credito al tasso spot) Così, sarf può essere convertito in basata sugli interessi di prestito prestito amp. 2.1.3 Defining Thamaniyya is the Key It appears from the above synthesis of alternative views that the key issue seems to be a correct definition of thamaniyya. For instance, a fundamental question that leads to divergent positions on permissibility relates to whether thamaniyya is specific to gold and silver, or can be associated with anything that performs the functions of money. We raise some issues below which may be taken into account in any exercise in reconsideration of alternative positions. It should be appreciated that thamaniyya may not be absolute and may vary in degrees. It is true that paper currencies have completely replaced gold and silver as medium of exchange, unit of account and store of value. In this sense, paper currencies can be said to possess thamaniyya. However, this is true for domestic currencies only and may not be true for foreign currencies. In other words, Indian rupees possess thamaniyya within the geographical boundaries of India only, and do not have any acceptability in US. These cannot be said to possess thamaniyya in US unless a US citizen can use Indian rupees as a medium of exchange, or unit of account, or store of value. In most cases such a possibility is remote. This possibility is also a function of the exchange rate mechanism in place, such as, convertibility of Indian rupees into US dollars, and whether a fixed or floating exchange rate system is in place. For example, assuming free convertibility of Indian rupees into US dollars and vice versa, and a fixed exchange rate system in which the rupee-dollar exchange rate is not expected to increase or decrease in the foreseeable future, thamaniyya of rupee in US is considerably improved. The example cited by Dr Nejatullah Siddiqui also appears quite robust under the circumstances. Permission to exchange rupees for dollars on a deferred basis (from one end, of course) at a rate different from the spot rate (official rate which is likely to remain fixed till the date of settlement) would be a clear case of interest-based borrowing and lending. However, if the assumption of fixed exchange rate is relaxed and the present system of fluctuating and volatile exchange rates is assumed to be the case, then it can be shown that the case of riba al-nasia breaks down. We rewrite his example: In a given moment in time when the market rate of exchange between dollar and rupee is 1:20, if an individual purchases 50 at the rate of 1:22 (settlement of his obligation in rupees deferred to a future date), then it is highly probable that he is. in fact, borrowing Rs. 1000 now in lieu of a promise to repay Rs. 1100 on a specified later date. (Since, he can obtain Rs 1000 now, exchanging the 50 purchased on credit at spot rate) This would be so, only if the currency risk is non-existent (exchange rate remains at 1:20), or is borne by the seller of dollars (buyer repays in rupees and not in dollars). If the former is true, then the seller of the dollars (lender) receives a predetermined return of ten percent when he converts Rs1100 received on the maturity date into 55 (at an exchange rate of 1:20). However, if the latter is true, then the return to the seller (or the lender) is not predetermined. It need not even be positive. For example, if the rupee-dollar exchange rate increases to 1:25, then the seller of dollar would receive only 44 (Rs 1100 converted into dollars) for his investment of 50. Here two points are worth noting. First, when one assumes a fixed exchange rate regime, the distinction between currencies of different countries gets diluted. The situation becomes similar to exchanging pounds with sterlings (currencies belonging to the same country) at a fixed rate. Second, when one assumes a volatile exchange rate system, then just as one can visualize lending through the foreign currency market (mechanism suggested in the above example), one can also visualize lending through any other organized market (such as, for commodities or stocks.) If one replaces dollars for stocks in the above example, it would read as: In a given moment in time when the market price of stock X is Rs 20, if an individual purchases 50 stocks at the rate of Rs 22 (settlement of his obligation in rupees deferred to a future date), then it is highly probable that he is. in fact, borrowing Rs. 1000 now in lieu of a promise to repay Rs. 1100 on a specified later date. (Since, he can obtain Rs 1000 now, exchanging the 50 stocks purchased on credit at current price) In this case too as in the earlier example, returns to the seller of stocks may be negative if stock price rises to Rs 25 on the settlement date. Hence, just as returns in the stock market or commodity market are Islamically acceptable because of the price risk, so are returns in the currency market because of fluctuations in the prices of currencies. A unique feature of thaman haqiqi or gold and silver is that the intrinsic worth of the currency is equal to its face value. Thus, the question of different geographical boundaries within which a given currency, such as, dinar or dirham circulates, is completely irrelevant. Gold is gold whether in country A or country B. Thus, when currency of country A made of gold is exchanged for currency of country B, also made of gold, then any deviation of the exchange rate from unity or deferment of settlement by either party cannot be permitted as it would clearly involve riba al-fadl and also riba al-nasia. However, when paper currencies of country A is exchanged for paper currency of country B, the case may be entirely different. The price risk (exchange rate risk), if positive, would eliminate any possibility of riba al-nasia in the exchange with deferred settlement. However, if price risk (exchange rate risk) is zero, then such exchange could be a source of riba al-nasia if deferred settlement is permitted7. Another point that merits serious consideration is the possibility that certain currencies may possess thamaniyya, that is, used as a medium of exchange, unit of account, or store of value globally, within the domestic as well as foreign countries. For instance, US dollar is legal tender within US it is also acceptable as a medium of exchange or unit of account for a large volume of transactions across the globe. Thus, this specific currency may be said to possesses thamaniyya globally, in which case, jurists may impose the relevant injunctions on exchanges involving this specific currency to prevent riba al-nasia. The fact is that when a currency possesses thamaniyya globally, then economic units using this global currency as the medium of exchange, unit of account or store of value may not be concerned about risk arising from volatility of inter-country exchange rates. At the same time, it should be recognized that a large majority of currencies do not perform the functions of money except within their national boundaries where these are legal tender. Riba and risk cannot coexist in the same contract. The former connotes a possibility of returns with zero risk and cannot be earned through a market with positive price risk. As has been discussed above, the possibility of riba al-fadl or riba al-nasia may arise in exchange when gold or silver function as thaman or when the exchange involves paper currencies belonging to the same country or when the exchange involves currencies of different countries following a fixed exchange rate system. The last possibility is perhaps unIslamic8 since price or exchange rate of currencies should be allowed to fluctuate freely in line with changes in demand and supply and also because prices should reflect the intrinsic worth or purchasing power of currencies. The foreign currency markets of today are characterised by volatile exchange rates. The gains or losses made on any transaction in currencies of different countries, are justified by the risk borne by the parties to the contract. 2.1.4. Possibility of Riba with Futures and Forwards So far, we have discussed views on the permissibility of bai salam in currencies, that is, when the obligation of only one of the parties to the exchange is deferred. What are the views of scholars on deferment of obligations of both parties. Typical example of such contracts are forwards and futures9. According to a large majority of scholars, this is not permissible on various grounds, the most important being the element of risk and uncertainty (gharar) and the possibility of speculation of a kind which is not permissible. This is discussed in section 3. However, another ground for rejecting such contracts may be riba prohibition. In the preceding paragraph we have discussed that bai salam in currencies with fluctuating exchange rates can not be used to earn riba because of the presence of currency risk. It is possible to demonstrate that currency risk can be hedged or reduced to zero with another forward contract transacted simultaneously. And once risk is eliminated, the gain clearly would be riba. We modify and rewrite the same example: In a given moment in time when the market rate of exchange between dollar and rupee is 1:20, an individual purchases 50 at the rate of 1:22 (settlement of his obligation in rupees deferred to a future date), and the seller of dollars also hedges his position by entering into a forward contract to sell Rs1100 to be received on the future date at a rate of 1:20, then it is highly probable that he is. in fact, borrowing Rs. 1000 now in lieu of a promise to repay Rs. 1100 on a specified later date. (Since, he can obtain Rs 1000 now, exchanging the 50 dollars purchased on credit at spot rate) The seller of the dollars (lender) receives a predetermined return of ten percent when he converts Rs1100 received on the maturity date into 55 dollars (at an exchange rate of 1:20) for his investment of 50 dollars irrespective of the market rate of exchange prevailing on the date of maturity. Another simple possible way to earn riba may even involve a spot transaction and a simultaneous forward transaction. For example, the individual in the above example purchases 50 on a spot basis at the rate of 1:20 and simultaneously enters into a forward contract with the same party to sell 50 at the rate of 1:21 after one month. In effect this implies that he is lending Rs1000 now to the seller of dollars for one month and earns an interest of Rs50 (he receives Rs1050 after one month. This is a typical buy-back or repo (repurchase) transaction so common in conventional banking.10 3. The Issue of Freedom from Gharar 3.1 Defining Gharar Gharar, unlike riba, does not have a consensus definition. In broad terms, it connotes risk and uncertainty. It is useful to view gharar as a continuum of risk and uncertainty wherein the extreme point of zero risk is the only point that is well-defined. Beyond this point, gharar becomes a variable and the gharar involved in a real life contract would lie somewhere on this continuum. Beyond a point on this continuum, risk and uncertainty or gharar becomes unacceptable11. Jurists have attempted to identify such situations involving forbidden gharar. A major factor that contributes to gharar is inadequate information (jahl) which increases uncertainty. This is when the terms of exchange, such as, price, objects of exchange, time of settlement etc. are not well-defined. Gharar is also defined in terms of settlement risk or the uncertainty surrounding delivery of the exchanged articles. Islamic scholars have identified the conditions which make a contract uncertain to the extent that it is forbidden. Each party to the contract must be clear as to the quantity, specification, price, time, and place of delivery of the contract. A contract, say, to sell fish in the river involves uncertainty about the subject of exchange, about its delivery, and hence, not Islamically permissible. The need to eliminate any element of uncertainty inherent in a contract is underscored by a number of traditions.12 An outcome of excessive gharar or uncertainty is that it leads to the possibility of speculation of a variety which is forbidden. Speculation in its worst form, is gambling. The holy Quran and the traditions of the holy prophet explicitly prohibit gains made from games of chance which involve unearned income. The term used for gambling is maisir which literally means getting something too easily, getting a profit without working for it. Apart from pure games of chance, the holy prophet also forbade actions which generated unearned incomes without much productive efforts.13 Here it may be noted that the term speculation has different connotations. It always involves an attempt to predict the future outcome of an event. But the process may or may not be backed by collection, analysis and interpretation of relevant information. The former case is very much in conformity with Islamic rationality. An Islamic economic unit is required to assume risk after making a proper assessment of risk with the help of information. All business decisions involve speculation in this sense. It is only in the absence of information or under conditions of excessive gharar or uncertainty that speculation is akin to a game of chance and is reprehensible. 3.2 Gharar amp Speculation with of Futures amp Forwards Considering the case of the basic exchange contracts highlighted in section 1, it may be noted that the third type of contract where settlement by both the parties is deferred to a future date is forbidden, according to a large majority of jurists on grounds of excessive gharar. Futures and forwards in currencies are examples of such contracts under which two parties become obliged to exchange currencies of two different countries at a known rate at the end of a known time period. For example, individuals A and B commit to exchange US dollars and Indian rupees at the rate of 1: 22 after one month. If the amount involved is 50 and A is the buyer of dollars then, the obligations of A and B are to make a payments of Rs1100 and 50 respectively at the end of one month. The contract is settled when both the parties honour their obligations on the future date. Traditionally, an overwhelming majority of Sharia scholars have disapproved such contracts on several grounds. The prohibition applies to all such contracts where the obligations of both parties are deferred to a future date, including contracts involving exchange of currencies. An important objection is that such a contract involves sale of a non-existent object or of an object not in the possession of the seller. This objection is based on several traditions of the holy prophet.14 There is difference of opinion on whether the prohibition in the said traditions apply to foodstuffs, or perishable commodities or to all objects of sale. There is, however, a general agreement on the view that the efficient cause (illa) of the prohibition of sale of an object which the seller does not own or of sale prior to taking possession is gharar, or the possible failure to deliver the goods purchased. Is this efficient cause (illa) present in an exchange involving future contracts in currencies of different countries. In a market with full and free convertibility or no constraints on the supply of currencies, the probability of failure to deliver the same on the maturity date should be no cause for concern. Further, the standardized nature of futures contracts and transparent operating procedures on the organized futures markets15 is believed to minimize this probability. Some recent scholars have opined in the light of the above that futures, in general, should be permissible. According to them, the efficient cause (illa), that is, the probability of failure to deliver was quite relevant in a simple, primitive and unorganized market. It is no longer relevant in the organized futures markets of today16. Such contention, however, continues to be rejected by the majority of scholars. They underscore the fact that futures contracts almost never involve delivery by both parties. On the contrary, parties to the contract reverse the transaction and the contract is settled in price difference only. For example, in the above example, if the currency exchange rate changes to 1: 23 on the maturity date, the reverse transaction for individual A would mean selling 50 at the rate of 1:23 to individual B. This would imply A making a gain of Rs50 (the difference between Rs1150 and Rs1100). This is exactly what B would lose. It may so happen that the exchange rate would change to 1:21 in which case A would lose Rs50 which is what B would gain. This obviously is a zero-sum game in which the gain of one party is exactly equal to the loss of the other. This possibility of gains or losses (which theoretically can touch infinity) encourages economic units to speculate on the future direction of exchange rates. Since exchange rates fluctuate randomly, gains and losses are random too and the game is reduced to a game of chance. There is a vast body of literature on the forecastability of exchange rates and a large majority of empirical studies have provided supporting evidence on the futility of any attempt to make short-run predictions. Exchange rates are volatile and remain unpredictable at least for the large majority of market participants. Needless to say, any attempt to speculate in the hope of the theoretically infinite gains is, in all likelihood, a game of chance for such participants. While the gains, if they materialize, are in the nature of maisir or unearned gains, the possibility of equally massive losses do indicate a possibility of default by the loser and hence, gharar. 3.3. Risk Management in Volatile Markets Hedging or risk reduction adds to planning and managerial efficiency. The economic justification of futures and forwards is in term of their role as a device for hedging. In the context of currency markets which are characterized by volatile rates, such contracts are believed to enable the parties to transfer and eliminate risk arising out of such fluctuations. For example, modifying the earlier example, assume that individual A is an exporter from India to US who has already sold some commodities to B, the US importer and anticipates a cashflow of 50 (which at the current market rate of 1:22 mean Rs 1100 to him) after one month. There is a possibility that US dollar may depreciate against Indian rupee during these one month, in which case A would realize less amount of rupees for his 50 ( if the new rate is 1:21, A would realize only Rs1050 ). Hence, A may enter into a forward or future contract to sell 50 at the rate of 1:21.5 at the end of one month (and thereby, realize Rs1075) with any counterparty which, in all probability, would have diametrically opposite expectations regarding future direction of exchange rates. In this case, A is able to hedge his position and at the same time, forgoes the opportunity of making a gain if his expectations do not materialize and US dollar appreciates against Indian rupee (say, to 1:23 which implies that he would have realized Rs1150, and not Rs1075 which he would realize now.) While hedging tools always improve planning and hence, performance, it should be noted that the intention of the contracting party - whether to hedge or to speculate, can never be ascertained. It may be noted that hedging can also be accomplished with bai salam in currencies. As in the above example, exporter A anticipating a cash inflow of 50 after one month and expecting a depreciation of dollar may go for a salam sale of 50 (with his obligation to pay 50 deferred by one month.) Since he is expecting a dollar depreciation, he may agree to sell 50 at the rate of 1: 21.5. There would be an immediate cash inflow in Rs 1075 for him. The question may be, why should the counterparty pay him rupees now in lieu of a promise to be repaid in dollars after one month. As in the case of futures, the counterparty would do so for profit, if its expectations are diametrically opposite, that is, it expects dollar to appreciate. For example, if dollar appreciates to 1: 23 during the one month period, then it would receive Rs1150 for Rs 1075 it invested in the purchase of 50. Thus, while A is able to hedge its position, the counterparty is able to earn a profit on trading of currencies. The difference from the earlier scenario is that the counterparty would be more restrained in trading because of the investment required, and such trading is unlikely to take the shape of rampant speculation. 4. Summary amp Conclusion Currency markets of today are characterized by volatile exchange rates. This fact should be taken note of in any analysis of the three basic types of contracts in which the basis of distinction is the possibility of deferment of obligations to future. We have attempted an assessment of these forms of contracting in terms of the overwhelming need to eliminate any possibility of riba, minimize gharar, jahl and the possibility of speculation of a kind akin to games of chance. In a volatile market, the participants are exposed to currency risk and Islamic rationality requires that such risk should be minimized in the interest of efficiency if not reduced to zero. It is obvious that spot settlement of the obligations of both parties would completely prohibit riba, and gharar, and minimize the possibility of speculation. However, this would also imply the absence of any technique of risk management and may involve some practical problems for the participants. At the other extreme, if the obligations of both the parties are deferred to a future date, then such contracting, in all likelihood, would open up the possibility of infinite unearned gains and losses from what may be rightly termed for the majority of participants as games of chance. Of course, these would also enable the participants to manage risk through complete risk transfer to others and reduce risk to zero. It is this possibility of risk reduction to zero which may enable a participant to earn riba. Future is not a new form of contract. Rather the justification for proscribing it is new. If in a simple primitive economy, it was prevention of gharar relating to delivery of the exchanged article, in todays complex financial system and organized exchanges, it is prevention of speculation of kind which is unIslamic and which is possible under excessive gharar involved in forecasting highly volatile exchange rates. Such speculation is not just a possibility, but a reality. The precise motive of an economic unit entering into a future contract - speculation or hedging may not ascertainable ( regulators may monitor end use, but such regulation may not be very practical, nor effective in a free market). Empirical evidence at a macro level, however, indicates the former to be the dominant motive. The second type of contracting with deferment of obligations of one of the parties to a future date falls between the two extremes. While Sharia scholars have divergent views about its permissibility, our analysis reveals that there is no possibility of earning riba with this kind of contracting. The requirement of spot settlement of obligations of atleast one party imposes a natural curb on speculation, though the room for speculation is greater than under the first form of contracting. The requirement amounts to imposition of a hundred percent margin which, in all probability, would drive away the uninformed speculator from the market. This should force the speculator to be a little more sure of his expectations by being more informed. When speculation is based on information it is not only permissible, but desirable too. Bai salam would also enable the participants to manage risk. At the same time, the requirement of settlement from one end would dampen the tendency of many participants to seek a complete transfer of perceived risk and encourage them to make a realistic assessment of the actual risk. Notes amp References 1. These diverse views are reflected in the papers presented at the Fourth Fiqh Seminar organized by the Islamic Fiqh Academy, India in 1991 which were subsequently published in Majalla Fiqh Islami, part 4 by the Academy. The discussion on riba prohibition draws on these views. 2. Nabil Saleh, Unlawful gain and Legitimate Profit in Islamic Law, Graham and Trotman, London, 1992, p.16 3. Ibn Qudama, al-Mughni, vol.4, pp.5-9 4. Shams al Din al Sarakhsi, al-Mabsut, vol 14, pp 24-25 5. Paper presented by Abdul Azim Islahi at the Fourth Fiqh Seminar organized by Islamic Fiqh Academy, India in 1991. 6. Paper by Dr M N Siddiqui highlighting the issue was circulated among all leading Fiqh scholars by the Islamic Fiqh Academy, India for their views and was the main theme of deliberations during the session on Currency Exchange at the Fourth Fiqh Seminar held in 1991. 7. It is contended by some that the above example may be modified to show the possibility of riba with spot settlement too. In a given moment in time when the market rate of exchange between dollar and rupee is 1:20, if an individual purchases 50 at the rate of 1:22 (settlement of his obligation also on a spot basis), then it amounts to the seller of dollars exchanging 50 with 55 on a spot basis (Since, he can obtain Rs 1100 now, exchange them for 55 at spot rate of 1:20) Thus, spot settlement can also be a clear source of riba. Does this imply that spot settlement should be proscribed too. The fallacy in the above and earlier examples is that there is no single contract but multiple contracts of exchange occurring at different points in time (true even in the above case). Riba can be earned only when the spot rate of 1:20 is fixed during the time interval between the transactions. This assumption is, needless to say, unrealistic and if imposed artificially, perhaps unIslamic. 8. Islam envisages a free market where prices are determined by forces of demand and supply. There should be no interference in the price formation process even by the regulators. While price control and fixation is generally accepted as unIslamic, some scholars, such as, Ibn Taimiya do admit of its permissibility. However, such permissibility is subject to the condition that price fixation is intended to combat cases of market anomalies caused by impairing the conditions of free competition. If market conditions are normal, forces of demand and supply should be allowed a free play in determination of prices. 9. Some Islamic scholars use the term forward to connote a salam sale. However, we use this term in the conventional sense where the obligations of both parties are deferred to a future date and hence, are similar to futures in this sense. The latter however, are standardized contracts and are traded on an organized Futures Exchange while the former are specific to the requirements of the buyer and seller. 10. This is known as bai al inah which is considered forbidden by almost all scholars with the exception of Imam Shafii. Followers of the same school, such as Al Nawawi do not consider it Islamically permissible. 11. It should be noted that modern finance theories also distinguish between conditions of risk and uncertainty and assert that rational decision making is possible only under conditions of risk and not under conditions of uncertainty. Conditions of risk refer to a situation where it is possible with the help of available data to estimate all possible outcomes and their corresponding probabilities, or develop the ex-ante probability distribution. Under conditions of uncertainty, no such exercise is possible. The definition of gharar, Real-life situations, of course, fall somewhere in the continuum of risk and uncertainty. 12. The following traditions underscore the need to avoid contracts involving uncertainty. Ibn Abbas reported that when Allahs prophet (pbuh) came to Medina, they were paying one and two years advance for fruits, so he said: Those who pay in advance for any thing must do so for a specified weight and for a definite time. It is reported on the authority of Ibn Umar that the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) forbade the transaction called habal al-habala whereby a man bought a she-camel which was to be the off-spring of a she-camel and which was still in its mothers womb. 13. According to a tradition reported by Abu Huraira, Allahs Messenger (pbuh) forbade a transaction determined by throwing stones, and the type which involves some uncertainty. The form of gambling most popular to Arabs was gambling by casting lots by means of arrows, on the principle of lottery, for division of carcass of slaughtered animals. The carcass was divided into unequal parts and marked arrows were drawn from a bag. One received a large or small share depending on the mark on the arrow drawn. Obviously it was a pure game of chance. 14. The holy prophet is reported to have said Do not sell what is not with you Ibn Abbas reported that the prophet said: He who buys foodstuff should not sell it until he has taken possession of it. Ibn Abbas said: I think it applies to all other things as well. 15. The Futures Exchange performs an important function of providing a guarantee for delivery by all parties to the contract. It serves as the counterparty in the exchange for both, that is, as the buyer for the sale and as the seller for the purchase. 16. M Hashim Kamali Islamic Commercial Law: An Analysis of Futures, The American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences, vol.13, no.2, 1996 Send Your Comments to: Dr Mohammed Obaidullah, Xavier Institute of Management, Bhubaneswar 751 013, India Jika Anda merasa tulisan di atas berguna, luangkan waktu barang 5 menit untuk menyebarkannya. Terima kasih.
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